SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Heterogeneous condition</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterogeneous condition</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>A medical condition is termed <b>heterogeneous</b>, or a <b>heterogeneous disease</b>, if it has several <a href="Etiologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiologies">etiologies</a> (root causes); as opposed to homogeneous conditions, which have the same root cause for all patients in a given group. Examples of heterogeneous conditions are <a href="Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> and <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. Heterogeneity is not unusual, as medical conditions are usually defined pathologically (i.e. based on the state of the patient), as in "liver inflammation", or clinically (i.e. based on the apparent symptoms of the patient), as in "excessive urination", rather than etiologically (i.e. based on the underlying cause of the symptoms). Heterogeneous conditions are often divided into <a href="Endotype" title="Endotype">endotypes</a> based on etiology.

</p><p>Where necessary to determine appropriate treatment, <a href="Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis procedures</a> are employed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endotype">Endotype</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Endotype" title="Endotype">endotype</a></div>

<p>An <b>endotype</b> is a subtype of a condition, which is defined by a distinct functional or <a href="Pathobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathobiology">pathobiological</a> mechanism. This is distinct from a <a href="Phenotype_(clinical_medicine)" title="Phenotype (clinical medicine)">phenotype</a>, which is any observable characteristic or trait of a <a href="Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, such as <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior, without any implication of a mechanism. It is envisaged that <a href="Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> with a specific endotype present themselves within phenotypic clusters of diseases.

</p><p>One example is asthma, which is considered to be a <a href="Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a>, consisting of a series of endotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is related to the concept of <a href="Disease_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease entity">disease entity</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterogeneity_in_medical_conditions">Heterogeneity in medical conditions</h2></div>

<p>The term <b>medical condition</b> is a <a href="Nosology" title="Nosology">nosological</a> broad term that includes all diseases, disorders, injuries, and <a href="Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndromes</a>, and it is especially suitable in the last case, in which it is not possible to speak about a single disease associated to the clinical course of the patient.

</p><p>While the term <i>medical condition</i> generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. The <a href="Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all <a href="Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, uses the term <i>general medical condition</i> to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for <a href="Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some <a href="Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> policies also define a <i>medical condition</i> as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As it is more <a href="Value-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-neutral">value-neutral</a> than terms like <i>disease</i>, the term <i>medical condition</i> is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. It is also preferred when etiology is not unique, because the word disease is normally associated to the cause of the clinical problems. On the other hand, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the <a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a>.

</p><p>The term is also used in specialized areas of <a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. A genetic or allelic heterogeneous condition is one where the same disease or condition can be caused, or contributed to, by varying different genes or alleles. In clinical trials and statistics the concepts of homogeneous and heterogeneous populations is important. The same applies for <a href="Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Endotype" title="Endotype">Endotype</a>, each one of the etiological subclasses of a given heterogeneous condition.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFLötvallAkdisBacharierBjermer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lötvall, Jan; Akdis, Cezmi A.; Bacharier, Leonard B.; Bjermer, Leif; Casale, Thomas B.; Custovic, Adnan; Lemanske Jr., Robert F.; Wardlaw, Andrew J.; <a href="Sally_Wenzel" title="Sally Wenzel">Wenzel, Sally E.</a>; Greenberger, Paul A. (February 2011). "Asthma endotypes: A new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome". <i>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. <b>127</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>360. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2010.11.037">10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21281866">21281866</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association._Task_Force_on_DSM-IV2000" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV (2000). <i>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders</i> (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89042-025-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027142342/http://www.theinsurancepage.co.uk/expat-insurance-glossary.html">"Expat Insurance Glossary by The Insurance Page"</a>. Archived from the original on 2008-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Heterogeneous_condition&oldid=1274980485">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>